Firearms control in Australia

 

Why can someone in suburban Sydney own 6 guns legally? New laws might change that

Suzanna Fay, The University of Queensland

Australians have watched on in horror as more details have come to light about the shooters in the Bondi terror attacks.

As people grapple with the tragedy, many wonder how such a thing could have happened in a country that has long prided itself on its tough gun laws.

The 50-year-old father, Sajid Akram, and 24-year-old son, Naveed Akram, had six guns. Police confirmed all of them were registered firearms. The father, who was fatally shot by police, had a recreational hunting licence and was a member of a gun club.

National Cabinet has since committed to a raft of new gun laws, including renegotiating the National Firearms Agreement, caps on the amount of firearms any one person can own and limiting open-ended licensing.

So how easy is it to get a gun in Australia currently, and how might the reforms work?

The laws of gun ownership

Gun control laws vary slightly in each state and territory, but are broadly similar. We’ll look here at the laws in New South Wales.

The first step is to apply for a firearms licence. As part of this, authorities will conduct a background check to ensure there’s no criminal history, including mental health orders or domestic violence charges.

The applicant must also pass the “fit and proper person” test. NSW Police says this test checks someone is “of good character, law abiding, honest, and shows good judgement”.

If these standards are met, a firearms licence is granted.

But in order to actually buy a firearm, people must apply for a “permit to acquire”. This is linked to the specific firearm they’d like to purchase.

If it’s their first gun, there’s a 28 day waiting period before they can have it in their possession. Subsequent guns do not need a waiting period as long as it’s in the same category they already have approval to own.

They must also pass a safety course, with both practical and theoretical components, including a written test.

Firearms, once acquired, must be stored in a specific way. Guns cannot be stored while loaded, for instance, and ammunition must be kept in a separate safe.

Finally, someone must have a “genuine reason” to buy a firearm. These include working as a primary producer, or participating in recreational hunting, among others. They need to prove a genuine reason for each and every firearm purchase. Personal protection is not a a genuine reason.

Applicants need to prove their reason is truthful. This may be proof of membership to a gun club, or a letter with express permission from the landowner on whose property they intend to hunt.

Importantly, if someone holds a firearm licence for recreational purposes, they must compete in a certain amount of competitions each year. In NSW, it’s two to four.

What works well?

Many parts of Australian gun control laws work well.

The genuine reason provisions are particularly useful. By requiring people to engage with the firearm-owning community, it stops so called “lone-wolves” from buying a gun just to have.

My research with gun clubs has also shown members can be a crucial grassroots safety check. They typically look out for each other and check in if there’s a concerning shift in someone’s attitudes or beliefs.

If things seem particularly dangerous, many report fellow members to the police so they can investigate further. The gun owning community also want our communities to be safe.

It raises the question of how engaged the shooter in this case was with his local gun community.

What could change?

While the exact circumstances for these two shooters are still emerging, we know one of the men was known to ASIO (the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation). The guns were registered to the father.

National Cabinet has agreed to a list of measures, including speeding up work on a national firearms register and limiting gun licences to Australian citizens.

They will also move to cap the number of guns a person can own. Western Australia did this earlier this year. Recreational shooters in WA can have up to five firearms, while primary producers and competition shooters can have up to ten.

It’s not uncommon for people to have more than one firearm. Licensed firearm owners in NSW have an average of about four, according to a 2025 report.

While it’s reasonable to examine the working of our current gun control measures, it’s unclear how effective such a measure would be. In the case of the Bondi attack, we need more information about the sorts of guns that were used and how many were used.

Plus, under the current laws across the country, people can’t buy more guns just because they feel like it. They have to prove a genuine reason to own another one.

What about reviewing licences?

National Cabinet also decided to limit open-ended firearm licensing.

As it stands, licences are usually not granted for life. Renewal periods differ depending on the jurisdiction, but in NSW most licences are issued for somewhere between two and five years. We don’t yet know if any changes would make these renewal periods more frequent.

But licensing mechanisms, like recent concerns over working with children checks in the childcare sector, only capture what we know has happened. Unless people have already fallen foul of the law, authorities won’t necessarily find any concerning behaviour.

Indeed, authorities have said the Bondi shooter who owned these firearms had “no incidents” with his licence. Renewing it more regularly may have unearthed something important, or it may not have. We don’t know enough about this incident yet to say if such a law change would have been useful here.

If reviews were made much more frequent, that would require a large-scale increase in police resources.

One change that might help would be to actively involve firearms dealers in these legal changes. They have the most contact with those purchasing guns and may have valuable intelligence about how their customers are behaving and thinking.

So while changes in the letter of the law may or may not help monitor firearms owners, we have to ensure it’s implemented effectively too. This means resourcing authorities properly, working closely with communities and making sure legal changes would actually tell us what we need to know to prevent deadly gun violence.

Suzanna Fay, Associate Professor in Criminology, The University of Queensland

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Christmas 2025

                                                                                               Shutterstock

Christmas each year entails the giving of gifts to family and friends with a common assumption that presents are to be opened on Christmas Day under the Christmas tree. Its also often assumed that the giving of gifts relates to the Biblical story about the three wise men (or Kings) who brought gold, frankincense and myrrh as homage to the baby Jesus at his birth. 

As with all religious festivals and customs, the giving of gifts has a mixed origin and dates back to Ancient Rome and gift-giving during the Winter solstice celebrated during the holiday of Saturnalia. This practice started to change with early Christianity where gifts were exchanged on New Year's Day. Prior to the Protestant Reformation, gifts were assumed to be to the benefit of local rulers however this also changed to be a practice of gift-giving to children following the Reformation. 

Most of the current practice dates from the 19th Century when Christmas Eve was established as the date for the giving of gifts. 

Wherever you may be, Merry Christmas !

Technology - Artificial Intelligence is a perceived threat - Australian survey results

 

Australians see AI as leading threat to people and businesses: survey

Michelle Grattan, University of Canberra

Threats relating to technology, disinformation, economic security and foreign interference are overshadowing traditional security concerns in Australians’ minds, according to data released by the Australian National University National Security College.

More than 12,000 people were asked across two surveys, in November last year and July this year, to rate the seriousness of 15 potential threats over the next decade.

Combining the categories of “major” and “moderate” the five most serious concerns were rated in July 2025 as:

• the use of artificial intelligence to attack Australian people and businesses (77%)
• a severe economic crisis (75%
• disruption to critical supplies due to a crisis overseas (74%)
• the deliberate spread of false information to mislead the Australian public and harm their interests (73%), and
• a foreign country interfering in Australia’s politics, government, economy or society (72%).

Climate change rated sixth (67%), although a high proportion of people (38%) rated it as a “major” threat. This was second only to threats relating to AI (40%).

The possible threat of Australia being involved in military conflict came in seventh (64%).

Anxiety about security issues is increasing. In July half the respondents agreed with the statement “I am worried about Australia’s national security”. This was an 8% rise between November 2024 and July.

Over that time, threat perceptions increased across all 15 possible threats that were asked about.

The table below shows the threat perceptions of about 6000 Australians in July.

Threat Perceptions July 2025

The November 2024 research also asked, from a list of four, what Australians want to nation to prioritise in the next five years.

The leading priority was safe and peaceful communities, nominated by 35%. When second preferences are included, this rises to 64%.

This priority ranked top across a wide range of demographics, including age, gender, cultural background, education , income and location.

The survey found three other national priorities rated in this order:

.. increasing Australia’s economic prosperity (26%)

.. upholding Australia’s democratic rights and freedoms (23%)

.. strengthening Australia’s security (15%).

The research also included more than 300 interviews across Australia.

The consultations found national security was “consistently framed as being about the peaceful continuity of everyday life”.

National priority for the next 5 years (%)

NSC head Professor Rory Medcalf said: “On the one hand, Australians know what they want to protect, especially in terms of peace, safety, community, democracy and prosperity, On the other hand, they recognise that a complex set of rapidly emerging threats can put these cherished priorities at risk.”

The full research results will be released early next year.

The ANU National Security College is a joint initiative of the federal government and the university.

The College undertook the community consultations as an independent research initiative.

Michelle Grattan, Professorial Fellow, University of Canberra

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Use of AI in this blog

 
Sentinel Owl uses AI applications (such as ChatGPT or GPT-5) for the generation of graphics and other images only. Actual factual content in blog postings is either originally researched and written or republished under license from reputable authors/sources.

Environment - Microplastics, an increasing menace to human health

                            Microplastics on the shore         GPT-5 AI generated

Microplastics are defined as being plastic particles less than 5 mm in size and have permeated/infiltrated nearly every part of the environment, including food, water, and air. Multiple recent studies published in peer-reviewed journals such as Nature Medicine and Environmental Science & Technology have shown mounting concern about their potential impacts on human health as well as the survival of multiple species of wildlife on the planet.

The use of plastics remains almost out of control despite effects to reduce the use of soft plastic shopping bags and plastic drinking straws. As a result the contamination from microplastics has become both widespread and continuing.

Exposure pathway

Humans are exposed to microplastics primarily through:

• Ingestion: Found in seafood, bottled water, salt, and even vegetables.
• Inhalation: Airborne microplastics from synthetic textiles and urban dust.
• Dermal contact: Though less studied, skin exposure may occur via some types of cosmetics or contaminated water.

The biological effects of microplastic exposure

Once inside the body, microplastics can interact with tissues and cells in several harmful ways:

• Inflammation and oxidative stress: Studies show that microplastics can trigger immune responses and generate reactive oxygen species, leading to cellular damage.
• Disruption of gut microbiota: Ingested microplastics may alter the composition of intestinal flora, affecting digestion and immunity.
• Translocation to organs: Nanoplastics (smaller than 1 µm) can cross biological barriers and accumulate in organs such as the liver, kidneys, and brain.

Physical and chemical hazards of microplastics

Microplastics are not inert and these substances carry:

• Additives: Plasticizers, flame retardants, and stabilizers that may be endocrine disruptors.
• Adsorbed pollutants: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals that bind to plastic surfaces.
• Physical abrasiveness: Their shape and size can cause mechanical irritation in tissues.

A 2025 review in Nature Medicine highlights several key findings:

• Microplastics have been detected in human blood, placenta, and lung tissue.
• The toxicity depends on polymer type, particle size, shape, and surface chemistry.
• The presence of a biocorona, layer of proteins and biomolecules that forms around microplastics, can influence how the body reacts to them.

Despite continuing research on microplastic infilration, there remains considerable knowledge gaps. Long term exposure and chronic impact studies, dose-reponse relationships including level of toxocity, and population-level epidemiogical data do not exist. In the interim, the only action that people can take is to reduce their reliance on plastic - whether this be in food storage items, utensils, bottles and when cooking (including microwave heating of plastic food trays).

Health - safety of mosquito repellents

 

Are mozzie repellents safe to use? And do I really need them in Australia?

Cameron Webb, University of Sydney

Summer’s here and after a wet spring in many parts of Australia, mosquitoes are out in force. Insect repellent has become a routine requirement for time outdoors.

But how safe are they? And do we really need them?

What can go wrong after a mosquito bite?

A bite from a mosquito can be itchy and irritating. Even a mild reaction can have us scratching, especially if you’re one of the people who are irresistible to mosquitoes.

The swelling and itchiness usually resolves in a few days. But scratching can result in secondary infection, especially for young children, if dirt and germs from underneath the fingernails get into the sore.

A mosquito bite can also cause disease. Not all diseases are life-threatening but they can be severely debilitating.

These diseases are a risk in most parts of Australia. Even cooler regions such as Victoria and Tasmania have mosquito-borne diseases which can be seriously debilitating.

Stop the bite, stop getting sick

There are no specific cures for our local mosquito-borne diseases. While there is a vaccine available for Japanese encephalitis, preventing bites in the first place is the best way to prevent illnesses caused by Ross River, Murray Valley encephalitis and a range of other pathogens spread by mosquito bites.

Australian health authorities regularly review the recommendations for insect repellent use. But the range of formulations filling our supermarket shelves can change from summer to summer.

The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) assesses insect repellents for their safety and effectiveness. Packaging should clearly display an APVMA registration number, along with directions for safe use and any required warnings, on their label.

Products sold as mosquito repellents in Australia must be registered with the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. Cameron Webb (NSW Health Pathology & University of Sydney), CC BY

What’s in popular mozzie repellents?

The most widely available active ingredients are diethyltoluamide (DEET), picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE).

Plant-derived products, including eucalyptus and tea tree oil, are also popular alternatives. These strongly smelling products are registered by the APVMA and provide some protection but need to be reapplied more frequently than other repellents.

Are mosquito repellents safe?

Insect repellents are often thought to be unpleasant to use, or even a health risk themselves, but the inconvenience of using a repellent is easily outweighed by the benefit of reducing mosquito bites.

Research and reviews from scientists and health authorities show mosquito repellents are a safe and effective way to prevent mosquito bites if used as recommended.

Scientists investigate each active ingredient to determine whether it’s safe. DEET has been the subject of many studies. Picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus haven’t been used for as long and haven’t been as thoroughly studied as DEET, but remain among those recommended by health authorities in Australia and overseas.

Natural repellents, especially unregistered and DIY formulations, may may cause skin reactions or come with other risks, so stick with products that have been registered after being tested for safety or effectiveness.

However, even if a product has been deemed safe, it is important to follow the directions for use on label. There will always be a risk if products are ingested in large quantities or intentionally misused.

What about babies and young children?

Most mosquito repellent formulations in Australia are registered for use on children over 12 months of age, although not all formulations list a specific age restriction.

International studies have shown that DEET and picaridin are safe for children. Recommended age limits for some mosquito repellents vary between countries and product type. In the United States, for example, there is no age limit for the use of DEET, while oil of eucalyptus is recommended only for children over three.

A 2024 study reviewing reports of adverse outcomes from mosquito repellent use concluded DEET was the preferred insect repellent for children, as it was the safest and offered long-lasting protection against biting mosquitoes when used as directed. The researchers noted other active ingredients may provide similar protections but more assessments were required to determine their safety.

Mosquito bites can be annoying but also lead to illness. A/Prof Cameron Webb (NSW Health Pathology & University of Sydney)

Tips for parents of babies and young children

Always be guided by the current recommendations of the APVMA and limit the use of DEET-based repellent from 12 months. Check the label before using mosquito repellent on children.

When you’re applying repellent, ideally apply it to your hands, then rub it on their skin. If you’re using a spray, apply it carefully and never directly onto a child’s face.

Don’t allow children to apply their own repellent, as it may lead to accidental ingestion or over-exposure.

When babies and toddlers are outdoors, consider using an insect net for strollers, prams or playpens.

While wrist bands, patches and stickers are marketed as mosquito repellents for children, there is little evidence they are effective. Smouldering devices, such as coils and sticks, aren’t a good idea when there is a chance of breathing in the smoke.

How do different varieties compare?

Unlike sunscreens, which have a SPF rating, there isn’t a single measure with which to compare the different formulations of mosquito repellents and their effectiveness.

“Heavy duty” or “tropical strength” formulations often contain the same active ingredients as those known as “kid friendly”, but in higher doses that last longer. Lower concentrations still offer good mosquito bite protection, they just need to reapplied more often.

The secret to getting the best protection is to ensure mosquito repellents are applied correctly. Whether you use a cream, lotion, gel, roll-on, pump-spray or aerosol, make sure all exposed skin is covered. Reapply after swimming, sweaty exercise, or if it has rubbed off.

Cameron Webb, Clinical Associate Professor, School of Medical Science & Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute; Principal Hospital Scientist, University of Sydney

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Health - recommended steps by age group

 

In various lifestyle magazines and health journals, the benefits of daily walking have often been cited with varying distances and number of steps mentioned. Good evidence and factual information is missing from many of the published articles leaving the reader wondering, how much should I do ? Research does exist and a summary of findings reveals there are some recommended step counts by age group -

Children and teens: 10,000 - 14,000 steps per day for growth and fitness (this would include playing sports so the number of steps would be easily achieved),

Adults under 60 years of age: 8,000 - 10,000 steps per day for optimal cardiovascular and metabolic health,

Adults over 60 years of age: 6,000 - 8,000 steps per day to reduce chronic disease and maintain mobility. The estimation of 3,000 steps per day to reduce the risk of Alzeheimers from the Harvard University study is also valid in this context.

Overall large scale studies have shown that 7,000 steps per day is an optimum level linked to significant reductions in mortality risk. This matches with epidemiologists' recommendations, highlighting a range of 6,000 - 8,000 steps as a method for reducing dementia risk with significant protection against memory and cognitive functional decline.