Climate Change Insight: Impact of cooler oceans is only temporary

Researchers at UCLA in San Diego in the United States have just released research that shows that the cooling of eastern Pacific Ocean waters has been counteracting the warming effect of greenhouse gases. The impact from this natural variability in ocean cycles is responsible for the pause or “hiatus” in global warming over the last ten years. This is not a permanent effect and will end leading to a resumption in global warming as before.

The UCLA  study examines the tropical Pacific Decadal Oscillation, a climate cycle that occurs over the course of several decades. Within this large pattern are the El Niño and La Niña  cycles that cause shifts in the distribution of warm water in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. While El Niño and La Niña last only a few years, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation lasts several decades. The Oscillation has been in a cooling phase since 1998.

When the climate cycle that governs that ocean cooling reverses and begins warming again, the planet-wide direction toward higher temperatures will resume.

As the researchers have noted, before 2000, global temperatures had risen at a rate of 0.13C per decade since 1950. The hiatus in warming has happened while levels of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, continue rising steadily. In May 2013, carbon dioxide reached 400 parts per million in the atmosphere for the first time in human history. This study does not refute climate change models, but only reinforces the understanding of the various dynamic forces at work in the environment.

Social interaction: gestures and expressions are not always what they seem

Confused or what emotion ?

Understanding and reading people's body language and expressions has underpinned a range of professions and marketing/human resource functions for many years. An increasing cohort of research studies however is starting to completely debunk much of these assumptions and indicate many 'rules' of body language are arbitrary instead. A number of examples place the contrast between implied meaning and actual sentiment in context: it is often commonly believed that crossed arms is a sign of defensiveness yet researchers at the University of Chicago found that the same arm-cross can also mean 'invulernability' if linked to a super-erect torso; a well known and popular notion that women show interest in a man through flipping their hair, making eye contact or adjusting their clothes should only be interpreted as a time based activity - they only use this body language to keep the man interested long enough to judge whether it's worth knowing him or not - the University of Vienna estimated that this measurement takes only 4 minutes or so.

Researchers at the University of Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom, found that fidgeting and avoiding eye contact which is often  associated with dishonesty was found in equal measure in people who were otherwise honest but simply showing signs of emotional discomfort. If there is one primary message to draw from this data its simply that gut-instinct is just as effective as any other measure.

Posture	What people think it means....	Actual science finding....
Arms crossed:	Defensive	Perhaps but it can also mean invulnerable, self-comforting or being cold.
Hands on hips, wide stance:	Power and/or confidence	True
Scratching nose:	Deceit or misleading	No more common for liars than truth-tellers.
Looking up and to the right:	Deceit or misleading	No evidence to support this view.
Swaggering walk:	Confidence	Not necessarily – can be faked.
Averting gaze:	Deceptive	False, A misconception in many cultures: could be embarrassment.
Fidgeting:	Embarrassed	True
Raised arms, chin up:	Triumph, pride	True in all cultures.
Palms up when talking:	Trustworthy	No evidence to support this view.

Climate change insight - sea levels fall as well as rise

A common misconception reported in the popular media about climate change science involves predictions of ice sheets melting with commensurate rising sea levels across coastlines. In many reports the impression  given is that the effects are somehow uniform across the globe with dire effects. This perception and selective presentation of information is incorrect. There are  several other factors and influences which occur with melting ice sheets. For example, the actual physics of large ice sheets involve gravitational effects - any large mass on Earth whether a continent or a massive ice field exerts a significant gravitational pull on water surrounding it, thus drawing the liquid towards its perimeter. When the ice melts the water is released and the sea level falls. This has been known since 1888 when physicist, Robert Woodward published his findings and was utilised again in 1976 in work by William Farrell and James Clark when calculating potential impacts from the melt of the great northern ice sheets. A second factor is the weight of ice sheets on the earth's crust - the crust is actually pushed down by the ice sheets in the Northern and Southern polar and sub arctic regions and with the current melting, the crust rebounds and rises. Hudson Bay is currently rising a centimetre a year and has been doing so since the last ice age.

There are also more complex physics impacts to consider - the volume of water and ice actually influences the Earth's rotation. The planet's balance is altered if a large ice sheet melts hence the distribution of water is altered. The melting of Greenland would shift the axis of rotation approx half a kilometre towards the ex-ice sheet. These effects mean that the levels of sea rise would be quite different across continents and countries - Scotland could see a sea fall of more than 3 metres whilst South America could see a sea rise of close to 10 metres.

Chocolate continues to astound with its unique value

The latest research on chocolate, contained within a letter to the science journal, Nature, takes a new direction in data analysis by outlining the results of a survey of chocolate consumption of 23 male Nobel laureates during their years of prizewinning work. The survey relates that 10 (43%) report eating chocolate more than twice a week, compared to 25% of 237 educated, age-matched men. This latest survey follows a 2012 analysis showing the level of national chocolate consumption correlates strongly with the per capita incidence of Nobel Prize Awards. Fascinating data for all those who derive their energy boost from sweet indulgence.

Flavonoids, the key chemicals in choclate claimed to boost cognitive ability, are also in red wine although the merits of this source are very limited. Classifed as a phytochemical, Flavonoids are highly effective in reversing age-related declines in neuro-cognitive performance through their ability to interact with the cellular and molecular architecture of those partsm of the brain responsible for memory and by reducing neuronal loss due to neurodegenerative processes. It is claimed that in particular, Flavonoids may increase the number of, and strength of, connections between neurons. Naturally correlation does not necessarily equal causation. What if the Nobel laureates were also coffee drinkers thus with another source of stimulation ?